Civil Engineering Explained: The Art of Contouring

by Yuvi K - December 16, 2023

Civil Engineering Explained – The Art of Contouring

Civil engineering is an age-old art and science of constructing, building, maintaining, and managing infrastructure for the betterment of the public. The practice is based on principles of physics, mathematics, and mechanics alongside knowledge in geology, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, and other related technical fields. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines, and its contributions to society are immeasurable.

Civil engineers work with projects that involve roads, bridges, tunnels, as well as for other public works and structures. In essence, civil engineers are responsible for improving and preserving our built environment, utilizing the latest technologies and practices in order to meet the needs of the public.

The art of civil engineering requires a personal touch when it comes to contouring, or shaping, the topography of an area either manually or through software. Contouring is an important tool in civil engineering as it is used as the basis for earthworks and road construction. By understanding local conditions, surveying, and mapping terrain, civil engineers are able to create contours and other designs that are in harmony with an area’s existing landscape.

What is Contouring?

Contouring is the plotting and establishing of numerous horizontal lines of equal elevation, or height, over an area. This is done to show the shape and elevation of the land in order to create a design that is aesthetically pleasing and structurally sound. As the land changes, contouring allows for the development of proper slopes, angles, and levels for road construction, bridges, and other civil engineering works.

Contouring is also used for the purpose of creating a drainage system, which is integral to the construction of roads, buildings, and other public works. By using contours to map the topography of an area, civil engineers can accurately determine the flow of water runoff, allowing for the construction of properly placed drainage systems.

How does Contouring Work?

Contouring works through a process of plotting points with an elevation known as a contour line, and then connecting these points to form a map with a 3D effect. This contour map can then provide civil engineers with the information needed for proper construction.

Contouring involves the use of accurate level measurements, or in other words, the elevation of the land in relation to an arbitrary sea level. Civil engineers use a piece of surveying equipment known as a level to measure elevation against sea level, creating a comprehensive map. When the survey is complete, the results are then plotted onto a graph paper like surface.To do this, engineers closely study the photos that have been taken of the area.

Once the contouring is complete, the map can then be used for design purposes, such as roads and drainage systems. Contours can also be used for construction activities such as determining embankment height, cut depth, and intermediate heights based upon the contour lines.

What are Some Different Types of Contouring Methods?

There are several methods when it comes to contouring, which range from manual to automated.

Manual Contouring

The most traditional method of contouring is through manual means. This involves the use of surveying equipment, such as a leveling rod and surveyor’s compass, to take measurements and plot points, and then connecting these points with lines. Manual contouring can also include the use of measuring tape, a theodolite, a spirit level, and a benchmark stick.

Computerized Contouring

Computerized contouring involves the use of computers, software, and GPS technologies. This is a quick and easy method for civil engineers, as they can quickly and accurately join points in order to create a 3D effect. This method makes use of both drones and ground control points in order to accurately map an area and create the contours.

Geo-Referencing

Geo-referencing is also another popular method of contouring. Through this process, the coordinates and location of points are used to generate contour lines. This method acts as a type of quality control, as it helps to ensure accuracy and reduce inaccuracies with manual methods.

Conclusion

Contouring is an essential tool for civil engineers, as it is utilized to create roads, bridges, drainage systems, and other public works. Through the careful plotting of points and connecting of contours, civil engineers are able to properly create designs that are structurally sound and harmonize with the natural landscape. With technology advances, automated methods now make this process quicker and more accurate than ever before.