Polymer Science in Chemistry: Understanding Polymers
by Yuvi K - December 16, 2023
Polymer Science: An Introduction to Polymers in Chemistry
Human civilization advances in technology, industry, and science owe a great debt to one of the most fascinating natural elements: polymers. Since the discovery of polymers and their importance in everyday life, our understanding of their chemistry has greatly advanced. In this article, we will examine the basics of polymer science as it relates to chemistry, learning what these materials are, how they are made, and their practical applications.
What is a Polymer?
Simply put, polymers are giant molecules composed of smaller repeating chemical structures, or “monomers.” Polymers are produced either synthetically, through chemical processes, or naturally, such as through living organisms. Scientists classify polymers in four main categories: addition polymers, condensation polymers, speciality polymers, and natural polymers.
Famous polymers cited in textbooks include nylon, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Kevlar, and polyurethane. Common household items including shopping bags, sportswear, and packaging materials, are made of polymers.
How Polymers Form
Monomers are molecules, usually retaining fewer than thirty atoms, capable of linking together to create larger molecules—the polymers. Think of it as a chain of small building blocks, each piece connected with a chemical bond in a linear or cross-linking pattern.
Common examples of monomers from folk chemistry include glucose. By linking or bonding these simple molecules into one polymer, the result is cellulose, found naturally in plant cells.
Types of Polymers
Different types of polymers exist, and they can be divided into categories. As mentioned above, there are four main types of polymers: addition, condensation, speciality, and natural.
Addition Polymers
The most common type of synthetic polymer is an addition polymer. These polymers are formed when two different monomers bond together without producing a smaller molecule as a by-product. Major addition polymers include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene.
Condensation Polymers
In contrast, condensation polymers (कण्डेशन मिल्क (Kandeshan Meleek)) form when two different monomers bond to each other in a reaction, and the by-product is a small molecule like water. Many condensation polymers are polyamides, like nylon, and polyesters, like PET.
Specialty Polymers
Speciality polymers have special properties not found in the more commonly used polymers. For example, Kevlar, a speciality polymer, is used in bulletproof vests due to its strength and flexibility; the same material is used as reinforcement in plastic automobile parts because of its ability to absorb energy.
Natural Polymers
Natural polymers, otherwise known as biopolymers, are polymers that occur naturally. The most common kind of natural polymer is proteins, formed by the combination of smaller molecules known as amino acids.
Applications of Polymers in Various Fields
Polymers are extremely versatile, with applications in almost every industry. From medical uses to textiles, polymers can be used for a variety of purposes including:
Medical
Polymers are used in the healthcare industry for a variety of purposes. For instance, plastic syringes are a common application of polymers in medical products. Silicon-based polymers are also used for medical implants and blood vessel stents.
Food Packaging
Plastic packaging is everywhere in the grocery store and in our kitchens. Polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride, make up the majority of these materials. Additionally, these materials are used to strengthen and preserve food for longer intervals than otherwise possible.
Textiles
Synthetic fibres, such as nylon, acrylic, and polyester, make up the majority of fabric and clothing sold today. Many of these fabrics have been designed for specific purposes, such as being lightweight and resistant to water and wind.
Conclusion
The science of polymers is an incredibly fascinating subject, and their applications show no signs of slowing down. Thanks to their unique properties, polymers can be used for a variety of purposes from medical applications to textile manufacturing. We are truly living in the age of polymers!
